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* * Very Significant Note: In Japan, approximately 93% of Hgb measurements were performed on Mon or Tues, compared with 46% in the US and 51% in Europe, 33% in Canada, and 22% in Australia and New Zealand. Since Hgb measured on Mon/Tues is more dilute than on other days for thrice-weekly HD patients, an adjustment for day of the week would show a smaller difference than that shown for the mean Hgb for Japan compared with other countries. Includes patients who were new to ESRD and entered DOPPS within seven days of first-ever chronic dialysis treatment. Those receiving Epo prior to ESRD had a 0.35 g/dl higher Hgb at time of starting dialysis compared with patients not receiving Epo during the pre-ESRD period (p<0.001). The mean hemoglobin concentrations ranged from 12.0 g/dl in Sweden to